Cytokines

https://www.abbkine.com/cytokines-what-you-need/  

Cytokines are small proteins (~5–20 kDa) that are crucial in controlling the growth and activity of other immune system cells and blood cells. When released, they signal the immune system to do its job. 

 

Cytokine is a general name; other names include chemokines, interferons, interleukins, lymphokines, and tumour necrosis factors, but generally not hormones or growth factors (despite some overlap in the terminology). Cytokines are produced by a broad range of cells. They act through cell surface receptors and are especially important in the immune system;  It is common for different cell types to secrete the same cytokine or for a single cytokine to act on several different cell types.

https://microbenotes.com/cytokines-mechanism-of-action-and-functions/ 

 

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221925519_Induction_Therapy_in_Renal_Transplant_Recipients/  

 

Antibodies can bind antigens resulting in activation of the cell and cytokine release  

https://microbiologyjournal.org/cytokine-release-syndrome-an-overview-on-its-features-and-management/ 

Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a life threatening toxicity associated numerous immunotherapeutic techniques involving monoclonal antibodies, bispecific antibodies and adoptive T cell therapies. It is also referred as infusion reaction that results in release of large amount cytokines (Like IL-6, IFN-r, INF) from the target cells. Cytokines when released in excessive amounts into the circulation produces systemic symptoms like nausea, shills, fever, rashes, headache, hypotension, dyspenea etc. Most of the patients present mild to moderate symptoms which can be managed easily but some patients show life threatening symptoms. Studies have shown that immunosuppressive agents like corticosteroids and tocilizumab can reverse the toxicity of CRS